more recent work in this area, an article by Monroe and a dissertation by Zwettler (not seen by me). The article by Monroe certainly presents some impressive evidence and his samples show very high percentages of formulaic language. He has no hesitation in describing pre-Islamic poetry as “authentic, traditional, oral-formulaic poetry” (39). 1.31 The great wealth of scholarly studies on oral poetry, especially those stimulated by the work of Parry and Lord, has produced a number of issues which have
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